Free Essays on The Losing Drug War

The Drug War : There’s a war being waged in our country. A war with no definable boundaries or enemies. A war that claims a victim every minute. The drug war. With controversial legislature pending in states all across the country, there are few people without an opinion. As time progresses though, more and more people are showing their support for a smarter way of drug control, empathizing a less strong-arm approach to measure. Others hold onto the ideal that drugs are still taboo, a poison on society that must be eradicated. Evidence has shown that increased expenditures and devotion of manpower to the drug war will be ineffectual, and that the best path that this country can take is a more health oriented view. America has a jail population of (insert jail pop here). Of these, (insert jail pop of non-vio drug offenders here) are incarcerated for the nonviolent possession of a controlled substance. These people are incarcerated for choosing to do something to themselves that the government didn’t deem appropriate. There was no crime committed against anyone, except for the accused. The government has taken it into it’s hands to control an aspect of it’s citizens lives that it has no right encroaching on, and it’s doing a very poor job of it. In the drug sense, we are actually one of the harshest countries in the world. We ruin the lives of a significant portion of our population in a vain attempt at a â€Å"drug-free nation†. Other countries have chosen different routes, with significantly different results. Many countries in Europe have adopted a less harsh view on their drug laws, and have done well. In these countries, drug use is treated as a health problem, and not as a social issue. Drugs are widely tolerated in small amounts, and for the people who do have a problem, and who are dealt with, they are treated for possible addiction or psychological problems. The vast majority of people are abl... Free Essays on The Losing Drug War Free Essays on The Losing Drug War The Drug War : There’s a war being waged in our country. A war with no definable boundaries or enemies. A war that claims a victim every minute. The drug war. With controversial legislature pending in states all across the country, there are few people without an opinion. As time progresses though, more and more people are showing their support for a smarter way of drug control, empathizing a less strong-arm approach to measure. Others hold onto the ideal that drugs are still taboo, a poison on society that must be eradicated. Evidence has shown that increased expenditures and devotion of manpower to the drug war will be ineffectual, and that the best path that this country can take is a more health oriented view. America has a jail population of (insert jail pop here). Of these, (insert jail pop of non-vio drug offenders here) are incarcerated for the nonviolent possession of a controlled substance. These people are incarcerated for choosing to do something to themselves that the government didn’t deem appropriate. There was no crime committed against anyone, except for the accused. The government has taken it into it’s hands to control an aspect of it’s citizens lives that it has no right encroaching on, and it’s doing a very poor job of it. In the drug sense, we are actually one of the harshest countries in the world. We ruin the lives of a significant portion of our population in a vain attempt at a â€Å"drug-free nation†. Other countries have chosen different routes, with significantly different results. Many countries in Europe have adopted a less harsh view on their drug laws, and have done well. In these countries, drug use is treated as a health problem, and not as a social issue. Drugs are widely tolerated in small amounts, and for the people who do have a problem, and who are dealt with, they are treated for possible addiction or psychological problems. The vast majority of people are abl...

Effective Strategies for Boosting Teacher Morale

Effective Strategies for Boosting Teacher Morale Enthusiasm is contagious! Teachers who are enthusiastic and genuinely enjoy their job will typically see better academic results when compared to teachers who do not exhibit those characteristics. Every administrator should want a building full of happy teachers. It is critical that administrators recognize the value of keeping teacher morale high. They should have several strategies in place designed to boost teacher morale throughout the year. Unfortunately, teacher morale is on the decline across the United States. This is due to several factors including low pay, teacher bashing, over testing, and unruly students.  The demands of the job are continuously changing and increasing.  These factors along with others have forced administrators to make a conscious effort when examining, maintaining, and boosting teacher morale. It will take more than one approach to boost teacher morale successfully. A strategy that works well in one school may not work well for another. Here, we examine fifty different strategies that administrators can use in boosting teacher morale. It is not feasible for an administrator to try to implement every strategy on this list. Instead, pick a handful of these strategies that you believe will have a positive impact in boosting your teacher morale. Leave handwritten notes in each teacher’s mailbox telling them how much you appreciate themHost a teacher cookout at your home.Give teachers a day off to celebrate their birthday.Allow teachers to showcase their strengths by modeling during faculty meetings.Support your teachers when parents complain about them.Put a treat in their mailbox with a short appreciation note.Allow teachers in the district to eat lunch and breakfast for free.Implement a casual Friday dress code for teachers.Organize some volunteers to cover teacher duties a couple of times a month to provide teachers with an extra break.Back the teachers 100% when it comes to a student discipline referral.Offer continuous feedback, support, and guidance for teacher improvement.Initiate a potluck luncheon for teachers one time per month.Email words of encouragement or wisdom on a daily basis.Spread out extra duties evenly. Don’t put too much on a single teacher.Buy their dinner when they have to stay late for parent/teacher conferences. Brag about your teachers anytime the opportunity presents itself.Organize an over the top Teacher Appreciation Week full of goodies and surprises for the teachers.Provide them bonuses at Christmas.Provide meaningful professional development that is not a waste of their time.Follow through on any promises that you make.Provide them with the best resources and teaching tools that are available.Keep their technology up-to-date and working at all times.Keep class sizes as small as possible.Organize a night out for teachers with activities such as dinner and a movie.Provide them with a terrific teacher’s lounge/workroom with lots of extra comforts.Fill instructional material requests through any means if the teacher believes it will benefit their students.Provide teachers with matching 401K accounts.Encourage creativity and embrace teachers who think outside the box.Conduct team building exercises such as going to a ropes course.Do not dismiss any concern that a teacher may have. F ollow through with checking into it and always let them know how you handled it. Offer to mediate any conflicts a teacher may have with another teacher.Go out of your way to offer encouragement when you know a teacher is struggling either personally or professionally.Give teachers decision-making opportunities in the school by allowing them to sit on committees for hiring new teachers, writing new policy, adopting curriculum, etc.Work with the teachers, not against them.Host a celebration BBQ at the end of the school year.Have an open door policy. Encourage teachers to bring their ideas and suggestions to you. Implement the suggestions you believe will benefit the school.Solicit donations of prizes from local businesses and have BINGO night just for the teachers.Provide your Teacher of the Year a meaningful prize such as a $500 bonus stipend.Organize a Christmas party for teachers with delicious food and a gift exchange.Keep drinks (soda, water, juice) and snacks (fruit, candy, chips) in stock in the teacher lounge or workroom.Coordinate a teacher vs. parent bask etball or softball game. Treat each teacher with respect. Never talk down to them. Never question their authority in front of a parent, student, or another teacher.Take an interest in their personal lives learning about their spouse, kids, and interests outside of school.Have random teacher appreciation drawings with magnificent prizes.Let teachers be individuals. Embrace differences.Host a karaoke night for the teachers.Provide teachers the time to collaborate with each other on a weekly basis.Ask their opinion! Listen to their opinion! Value their opinion!Hire new teachers who not only fit the academic needs of your school but who have a personality that will mesh well with the current faculty.Be an example! Stay happy, positive, and enthusiastic!

Audit Engagement letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Audit Engagement letter - Essay Example The key objectives of the audit scope are to analyze whether your consolidated financial statements are true and fair, in all material respect, in line with the provisions of International Accounting Standards. The firm will conduct the audit process in line with the guidelines stated in the International Audit Standards. This will include all recommended tests on accounting records, as well as other procedures we consider necessary to facilitate us in expressing an opinion. If the opinion turns out to be something different other than unqualified, we will immediately notify your company and discuss the reasons in advance. In case we are unable to complete the audit within the stated period of 1.5 months, or have difficulties in expressing the opinion within the stated duration, we may decline to express any opinion or to issue an audit report as a result of this letter. Audit Engagement Checklist Section 1. Auditor’s Report With Regard To Auditor’s Report 2. Audit Proc edures 1. In Reference To Clients Acceptance 2. In Reference To Clients Understanding 3. In Reference To Audit Planning 4. In Reference To Fraud and Errors Considerations 5. In Reference To Internal Control Risks 6. In Reference To Work Done By Other Auditors 7. In Reference To Specialists If Used 8. In Reference To Audit Programs 9. In Reference To Audit Sampling 10. In Reference To Analytical Procedures 11. In Reference To Related Party Transactions 12. In Reference To Illegal Acts 13. In Reference To Audit Documentation 3. Working Papers 1. Significant Audit Areas 2. Cash 3. Receivables 4. Payables 5. Inventories 6. Assets 7. Liabilities 8. Business Consolidations and Combinations 4. Functional Areas 1. Human Resources 2. Key Ethical Requirements 3. Engagement Performance 5. Conclusion (Gupta, 2004. p. 44) The procedures will encompass examination of documentary evidence backing the transactions in the financial statements, physical examinations of assets, direct confirmation of payables and receivables. We will also randomly contact different customers, both creditors and debtors in reference to different assets and liabilities to provide evidence all transactions. The company will also request your company to provide written presentations from your attorneys as a section of the engagement. As we approach the end of the audit assignment, we will need different written presentations from your company about financial statements as well as other related matters (Ron and Rosario, 2007, p. 26). An audit entails testing, on an examination basis, disclosure of the financial statements, and evidence supporting the amounts. Therefore, the audit will entail judgment on the number of transactions to be tested and the target areas. We will also plan and perform the audit to attain reasonable assurance on whether the financial records are free from material misstatements and misrepresentations. This is because an audit avail reasonable assurance, and not absolute assur ance. Obtaining absolute assurance may be expensive and consuming. This is because it involves examining all transactions; it also exposes the task to material errors, which makes it difficult to detect frauds and other deliberate misrepresentations. Another reason why absolute assurance is unnecessary is because the scope does not aim at immaterial errors, illegal acts, and frauds that do not have any material change on the accounting records. This proves that the service cannot be relied on to expose errors

Logistics of Humanitarian Aid in Iraq and Afghanistan Essay

Logistics of Humanitarian Aid in Iraq and Afghanistan - Essay Example 2003, including $1.6 billion worth of oil industry spare parts and equipment.† (Office of the Iraq Programme  Oil-for-Food, 2003) â€Å"Afghanistan is in the midst of a profound humanitarian crisis resulting primarily from long†standing armed conflict, a devastating drought, and massive population migration. The economy, government, and health care system are in shambles. Currently, as many as 5 million Afghans are in camps either as refugees in neighbouring countries or as internally displaced persons within Afghanistan. â€Å"(Challenges and Opportunities for Humanitarian Relief in Afghanistan, 2002) Even though both countries have American supported governments now, the reconstructions work and humanitarian aid were marred by so many problems. The relief works were not coordinated well in these countries. The lack of organizing and centralized control over relief work made the things further complicated Looting and burglary is a common issue in both the countries. The humanitarian workers don’t have enough protection to execute their mission. The supply chain of the humanitarian aid Because of lack of funding most of the aid works are slowing down in these countries. Though humanitarian aids coming from both public and private organizations, because of the heavy damages caused by the fights, nothing seems to be enough for the affected people. Moreover the availability of relief workers to work in these countries is also less. Nobody wants to risk their lives in these countries. Most of the relief agencies offering special pay scale for the relief workers in order to make them work on these countries. â€Å"Currently, the United Nations (U.N.) and international aid organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), including nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), are coordinating and providing humanitarian assistance to the Iraqi people. (Coipuram, 2003) The logistic issues surrounding such large-scale humanitarian aid efforts in countries

Oprah Winfrey Essay Example for Free

Oprah Winfrey Essay Oprah Winfrey, born on a farm in Mississippi to a teenage mother in 1954 came from nothing yet again is the world’s most successful lady who is a role model to many and has made it on her own. She is a success story, some one who has made history on American television by producing and hosting her own TV show, â€Å"The Oprah Winfrey Show† the show has won her countless awards and praises since its start in the year 1987. It is the top ranked show on television till this day (Oprah Winfrey Biography, 2006). She runs her own company. She has been the richest African American lady and the only Black billionaire in the world at one time and the most highly paid television host today. Success and Oprah have been together from the longest time. She has managed to win the hearts of all the Americans today with her hard work, determination, and dedication and confidence and has become the most watched television celebrity. She has been ranked the most influential lady of the 20th century from the past five years by the Time magazine (Oprah Winfrey Biography, 2006). She is considered as someone who can bring an enormous change because her popularity is beyond the pop culture and she has the capability and credibility to influence others. She has left a mark on everyone. Leadership is the ability to influence others by gaining the trust and support of the followers and Oprah has been able to do that. She is a born leader. She has all the attributes to become a successful leader and she has proved it to the world. It is her leadership qualities only that she has been able to maintain the standard of her show and live up to the expectations of her viewers. She runs a show, is an owner of a magazine, she’s into movie production, is a successful actress and all of these are her profitable businesses. She has become a brand name. She has set an example of being a superior and effective leader. She is intelligent and an educated lady, she is self confident she knows what she’s talking about. She has spoken on all kinds of issues on her show and brought the facts and figures in front of the world (Oprah Winfrey Biography, 2006). She is a stable lady, and flexible and honest and has an internal locus of control. She had the luck and believes in herself. She has the ability to understand others therefore she has created social awareness such as her effort to increase the awareness of child abuse where she was honest and bold enough to share her own child hood incident in front of the world. She has the communication skills to convince others and leave an impact and create a connection with the masses. During the time of Hurricane Katrina she made an appeal to everyone to openly donate and everybody did. Oprah runs her own charity too. She is a woman of high energy; she is running the show from the past sixteen years. Her role as the leader has been goal oriented and focused. She campaigned for Barack Obama last year. Only an effective leader can do so many things at one time. She takes timely decisions. She has adequate effort and talent and she knows how to spend it wisely. That is what leadership is all about. The queen of day time television has been an effective leader. She went through rough times during her childhood but she was a pessimistic and never lost hope. A positive attitude is an effective leader’s quality. Only when you yourself are positive you can motivate your subordinates. She was alert she wanted to create a change. She planned, organized, controlled and led while success followed her. She is good at what she is doing. Though she had all the fame and fortune this did not stop her from helping the under privileged. Oprah contributes millions of dollars every year for charities. She runs her own charity too. Good leaders make successful nations therefore the world needs more people like Oprah Winfrey.

The Right To Privacy By Robert Bork. :: essays research papers

The Right to Privacy by Robert Bork. Robert Bork's The Right of Privacy examined the landmark case Griswald v. Conneticut. Bork's "originalist" view proclaimed that Justice Douglas erroneously interpreted the right of privacy from the Constitution. The originalist view is that judges must strictly adhere to the language of the Constitution, thus people do not have a general right to privacy because it was never actually written into the Constitution. This view severely restricts judges in dealing with new issues that our forefathers could not have possibly envisioned. The inability of "originalist" to deal with modern and future problems displays a need for Supreme Court judges to be able to interpret laws from the Constitution. Without this ability it would be doubtful if people today could claim a general right to privacy. The Griswald case involved a bizarre law that forbade the use of condoms in the hope that it would prevent adulterous affairs. This deduction is as absurd as banning all sales of chocolate in order to prevent obesity. Robert Bork admitted that this law did not make sense, especially in the ability of government officials to enforce the law. Yet, Bork disagreed with the method used by Justice Douglas to overturn the conviction of two doctors distributing information on condoms. Bork felt that Douglas's liberal use of penumbras to create a zone of privacy was an excessive use of judicial power. Bork feels a judge must follow the Constitution and should not imply anything from the various ideas in the Constitution. This poses problems when trying to deal with cases that the Constitution does not specifically mention. For example, without the ability to interpret some of the various amendments in the constitution it would be virtually impossible for a judge to decide cases dealing with the on- line world. Is an on-line service provider similar to a magazine publisher (Responsible for the information that it disseminates) or like a bookstore (That is not specifically liable for the information that it disseminates)? These types of decisions cannot be solved with an "originalist" view, because the Constitution did not have the foresight to deal with such issues. In this same manner Justice Douglas implements penumbras to arrive at a general right of privacy that is not explicitly written into the Constitution. These penumbras are all valid within the spirit of the Constitution and does not go against anything specifically forbidden in the document. Thus, the justification of Justice Douglas to create a zone of privacy is legitimate and the old archaic Griswald laws is forever vanquished into the history books. Justice Douglas writes; "Various guarantees create zones of privacy.

Nathaniel Bacon Essay

One historian has remarked that Bacon’s Rebellion was â€Å"a rebellion with abundant causes but without a cause.† Do you agree? What were the causes of Bacon’s Rebellion? Did Nathaniel Bacon have a cause? Did William Berkeley? In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon marched into Jamestown, Virginia alongside 600 men ready to fight, demanding a military commission. After threatening William Berkeley, the Governor of Virginia and Nathaniel’s own cousin, Bacon was given a military commission. â€Å"In the following months, Bacon’s men waged brutal war against the Indians, turned their guns on Berkeley’s government, forced it to flee Jamestown, and burned the colony’s capital to the ground† (Hollitz, 19). I do not agree with this historian because some of Bacon’s causes for rebellion were important enough to the people living in Virginia to want changes. Taxes began to rise on tobacco, salaries of the government officials began to increase, and no servants were selected to the council after 1640. In 1675 colonists ordered Governor Berkeley to return with an army after killings by the Indians alongside the Fall Line (The line marking the waterfalls of nearly parallel rivers). In March of 1676 the representatives announced war on â€Å"all such Indians who †¦ shall be discovered to have committed murders †¦ and depredation† (Hollitz, 23). Trading with Indians was also now illegal which placed even more economic stress on those traders that needed Indian products to survive. Nathaniel Bacon had a cause for the rebellion after one of his supervisors was killed in a Susquehanna attack. Berkeley’s main reason for being against Bacon’s Rebellion was because he worked out an arrangement in 1644 to avoid conflicts with the Native Americans. In exchange for a large piece of land, he agreed to keep settlers from pushing farther into their lands. After Bacon’s death on October 26, 1676 his rebellion began to decease and everything was eventually restored back to order.

“The Most Valuable Thing in Life Is Friendship”. Do You Agree?

In this era of globalization, people are busy chasing for material wealth,leaving behind many valuable things. It is undeniable that our society is becoming more materialistic. For most of us,money is the most important thing on earth. However, we have forgotten that there are certain things which money could not buy. To name a few,friendship,family,love and health. But which is the most valuable thing in our life? In my opinion,friendship is what I will cherish the most. Admittedly,depression had become a big menace in our society. People start to concern about this issue and it has surely become a hot topic nowadays. Mass media has been trying hard to give solutions to the public,hoping to reduce the impact of depression,such as suicides. However,people are becoming more individualistic nowadays. We are selfish and only mind their own business. Worse off,we no longer see the value of a true friendship. Instead,we love to compete among each other,either to get a higher position in class or in a company. More disheartening is, some even set friends up just to achieve success. This phenomenon certainly do not help those who are suffered from depression They have no where to seek for help as they hardly find a friend they could trust to talk to. As we all know,the cost of getting professional help is rather pricey and not everyone can afford it. Therefore,I believe that nothing is more important than we,as a part of the society,change our mindset and see the importance of a true friendship, namely the most valuable things in life. A friend is a listener,a counselor, a supporter and the list is endless. A friend is also someone we can trust. The reason I am of the opinion that friendship is the most valuable thing in life is a friend is always be there for us and is always ready to give us a helping hand. For instances,a friend can help to take care of our homes and pets while we are on vacation. When we are depressed,a friend is also ready to listen and give us advice. The value of friendship is also seen in the business. There are many businessmen and entrepreneur that always highlight the importance of friendship in their life. They shared their experience,which their friends offered them modal to start their business and promoted their business. Those who are working in the insurance sector also. One of the qualities to success in this field is having a wide social circle. In short,I believe that friendship is really the most important and valuable thing in life. However,I could not deny the fact that family is also one valuable thing in life. Whenever we met a problem,the first one we'll think of is our family. It is always true that family will never betray us and is able to forgive our every mistakes. We grew up with our family members and therefore,the strong bonding causes them to be the one that understand us the most and will give us suitable advice to make a decision. Many successful figures show that they cherish their family and always try their best to spend some precious time with family. Many good qualities we possess now, too,were inculcated since we're young by our dear parents. The undivided love from our family makes it one valuable thing to cherish in our life. There are also many things to cherish in life. To name a few,knowledge is also valuable because with a wide knowledge,others will not look down upon us. Our own reputation and image can be increased with vast knowledge we gained in our life. Health, too, is what we should cherish in our life. Without a healthy body,we will not be able to enjoy our life. To summary,there are too many valuable things to be cherish in our life besides friendship. To conclude,we should not take a true friendship for granted. Instead,it is imperative for us to put as much effort as we could to conserve the value of a friendship,which is the most valuable thing in our life, as it brings us immense benefit. If you think it is bad,forgive me. I am still learning to produce a nice piece of work. And,honestly,it is better than what I've written in my MUET test just now.

The Nervous System Essays - Sensory Systems, Nervous System

The Nervous System Essays - Sensory Systems, Nervous System The Nervous System The Nervous System Vertebrates have a spinal column or backbone. Vertebrates have neurons that are outside that spinal column called Peripheral Neurons and neurons inside the spinal column and head called Central Neurons. i) Peripheral Neurons a) Efferent Nerves (motor nerves) send signals from central nerves to effector organs; b) Afferent Nerves (sensory nerves) send signals from sensory receptor to the central nervous system. ii) Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of your brain and spinal cord; both are made up of cells called neurons; most neurons are Interneurons, which connect all neurons together; nerves are bundles of neurons Reflex Arc Since your spinal cord is part of your brain, it is able to make quick "decisions" to ensure the safety of the organism. These "decisions" are called Reflex Arcs and involve the connection of stimulus to a response through the shortest path. This path is usually: Receptorsensory neuroninterneuronmotor neuroneffector organ Example: pain reflex, pupil reflex, Babinski reflex, Moro reflex Mechanoreceptors Mechanoreceptors detect movement. Your ears detect movement of air called sound waves. Your skin has mechanoreceptors too. Both ear and skin receptors are implanted in the roots of hairs. As the hair moves, the receptor detects the movement. Ear The ears have tiny hairs in the Cochlea. The cochlear hairs resonate at the same frequency as pitches of sounds. Your brain receives messages from those receptors and interprets the sound. Deafness If the sound vibration is stopped at any point, the Conduction (transmission) of the signal is broken. This is called Conduction Deafness. It occurs because of damage to the auricle and pinna, tympanic membrane, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, on the cochlea. If the acoustic or auditory nerve becomes damaged, deafness also occurs. This is called nerve deafness. Chemoreceptors We have two types of chemoreceptors. They form our sense of smell and taste. 1) Smell: All chemoreceptors must be bathed in liquid (or mucus) because the chemical being sensed must be in a solution. Olfactory cells are special receptors in the nose, which detect chemicals in the air. 2) Taste: These receptors are on the tongue. They detect only five different chemicals causing taste, they are: bitter, sweet, salty, bitter and picante. Taste receptors are called taste buds. Flavors are a combination of both tasting and smelling at the same time. Bibliography Have fun

Missing Information in Chicago Authorâ€Date Referencing

Missing Information in Chicago Author–Date Referencing Missing Information in Chicago Author–Date Referencing Do you feel like something is missing from your life? Well, if what you’re missing is source information for a college paper, you’re in the right place! That’s because, in this post, we’re looking at how to handle missing information in Chicago author–date referencing. No Named Author Finding that a source doesn’t have a named author is a common problem. The best response is usually to cite an organizational author. For example, if we were citing a UNICEF report without a named author in Chicago author–date referencing, we could write: Recent campaigns have been more successful (UNICEF 2017). You would then use the organization name in the reference list at the end of the document, too. However, if there is no suitable organizational author to cite, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends using the source title instead. If the title is too long, though, you may want to shorten it in citations: In-Text Citation The organization has been criticized (â€Å"Problems with Planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2015). Reference List Entry â€Å"Problems with Planning for a Sustainable Future on an International Scale.† 2015. Accessed 28 August, 2018. https://medium.com/story/problems-planning-sustainable-future-international-scale-44a21e9c531 The title is in quote marks here because it is an article. However, the correct formatting depends on the source type (e.g., italics for a book title). No Year of Publication When a source does not specify a year of publication, use the abbreviation â€Å"n.d.† after a comma: The public was canvassed for solutions (Jackson, n.d.). This stands for â€Å"no date.† You should also use â€Å"n.d.† in the reference list entry for the source at the end of your document. However, â€Å"n.d.† is only used for an online source when it doesn’t have either: A date of publication Or a date for when the page was last updated If either of these are available, use them instead. Remember to check the web page carefully, too, as this information will not always be easy to spot. No Place of Publication or Publisher In a Chicago reference list, you should list books with a place of publication and publisher. But if you cannot find either of these details, you can use the abbreviation â€Å"n.p.† instead. This is short for either â€Å"no place† or â€Å"no publisher† depending on how it is used. You could use other Latin abbreviations to avoid this ambiguity: e.g., â€Å"s.l.† and â€Å"s.n.,† which stand for sine loco (without a place of publication) and sine nomine (without a named publisher) respectively. However, the Chicago Manual of Style says that â€Å"n.p.† is more likely to be understood in English-language publications. You should therefore use this unless instructed otherwise. Summary: Missing Information in Chicago Referencing Chicago referencing indicates missing information as follows: No author = Use the source title instead No year of publication = Use the abbreviation â€Å"n.d.† No place of publication = Use the abbreviation â€Å"n.p.† No publisher = Use the abbreviation â€Å"n.p.† However, remember to check before using these options. The information will be available somewhere in most cases, even if it is not immediately easy to see. And if you need help checking your referencing, get in touch today.

Zemax EE Software and Programming Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Zemax EE Software and Programming - Dissertation Example Aside from investigating properties such as reflection coefficient, absorption coefficient, temperature variation, and thermal conductivity, additional theoretical estimations are made. An example is the determination of focal length, exposed effective areas, and light collection and concentration for all components. A number of designs are evaluated to examine the effect of different geometrical shapes of light pipes for refraction studies and light cups for reflection studies. Zemax software is used for a large part of this study. Therefore, this chapter details the basics of Zemax software for optical design and ray tracing. Software programs for lens design and optical studies have been of immense utility in the field of optics. Their advent has substantially simplified and enhanced our understanding of optical design and analysis. As stated by Winston, Minano, and Benitez (2005), The design of imaging optical systems is a classic ?eld of research that has achieved a high level o f development. There are on the market optical design programs that permit the numerical optimization of the design parameters, allowing us to obtain results that were unattainable with the analytical tools used before the development of computers (p. 219). Software programs are based on a number of optical principles, such as geometrical optics and ray tracing that function according to the basic laws of optics. The following sections discuss these basic principles along with an introduction to Zemax software that is used in this study. 4.2. Ray Tracing Programs and Geometrical Optics The basic tool required in designing any imaging or non-imaging optical system is geometrical optics (Winston, Minano, & Benitez, 2005). Geometrical optics is based on the universal laws of reflection, refraction, and transmission of light. The incident light on a reflective surface and the reflected light from that surface always make equal angles to the normal, and they lie on the same plane. In cas e of transmitted light, the direction of the refracted and transmitted ray changes according to Snell’s law of refraction, according to which the sine of the angle between the incident ray and the normal is in constant ratio with the sine of the angle between the refracted ray and the normal, with all three being coplanar (Winston, Minano, & Benitez). Based on these universal laws of light, the behavior of a light ray in any optical system can be predicted. Simple optical systems can be predicted manually, but complex ones require sophisticated computer programs that can easily predict the behavior of light through computerized ray tracing. Even the analysis and design of solar concentrators requires such a program. Ray tracing is the process of constructing or following the paths of light rays through an optical system consisting of refracting and reflecting surfaces (Winston, Minano, & Benitez, 2005). For instance, the transmission of a specific concentrator can be determin ed through ray tracing as follows: N rays enter a concentrator’s aperture at a ? angle of incidence at the entry aperture of the concentrator, as shown in Figure 4.1. Fig. 4.1: Ray tracing of the rays transmitted through a concentrator to determine transmission (Winston, Minano, & Benitez, 2005). After the rays are traced through the optical system, N’ rays appear from the concentrator’s exit aperture. The dimensions of the exit aperture are determined based on the required concentration ratio of the system. The remaining N and N’ rays are lost through various processes such as ray scattering. The transmission power of the system for a different angle of incidence